1. Material Make-up and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless steel, offers mechanical robustness with tensile strengths exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– usually 2– 10% of the complete diameter– imparts excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is vital for efficiency; it is engineered via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make certain strong adhesion and marginal interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most common technique, supplying exact thickness control and uniform protection on constant steel filaments drawn via copper sulfate baths.
Correct surface area pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleansing, pickling, and activation, guarantees optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination throughout subsequent handling or service.
Gradually and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can create weak iron-copper intermetallic stages at the interface, which might endanger flexibility and long-term dependability– an obstacle minimized by diffusion barriers or quick handling.
1.2 Physical and Practical Feature
CCSFs integrate the most effective qualities of both constituent steels: the high flexible modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), depending upon finish density and pureness, making CCSF substantially more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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