When speaking about graphene, we need to first state the natural mineral graphite that is commonly existing in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are carefully attached, however the mix of carbon atoms between various layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle press, the cards will glide apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the very same airplane, extending to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is among the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite includes about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel off a solitary layer structure.
Greater than twenty years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there need to be a way to get a solitary layer of graphite.
Just how can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a very “simple and crude” method – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we create a typo on paper, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers strongly associate that if tape can adhere to the surface area of paper, can it additionally stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still much from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have actually verified the feasibility of this method – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical peeling technique” to repeat the procedure, they ultimately acquired a thin sheet consisting of only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this method of continuously scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has reduced production performance and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the enhancement of scientific and technological levels, the prep work approach of graphene has additionally made fantastic progress. Currently, in addition to this traditional physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are likewise many approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation method, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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